Relationship of Cultural Diversity and Employee Motivation...

The study is focused on multiple methods research design. The research design uses deductive approach which involves testing of theoretical preposition by the employment of data collection. A theoretical perspective is used in this paper provides certain direction for the research. From this perspective, particular theories discussed in Section 2 are used to limit the scope of the research and brig a focus to it. The data which used to analyze the central question of the paper is quantitative. Quantitative data includes both primary and secondary data which can contribute to a research process (Saunders et al., 2012). The secondary data was collected primarily through academic journals (peers-reviewed) and some text books which can be found in reference list. The reference list also includes small number of additional readings which highly contributed to the research process. One of the most broadly used data collection method within the survey strategy is questionnaire (Saunders et al., 2012) Therefore, data which used to test a theoretical preposition in this paper is primarily collected through questionnaire. This study based on the method of questionnaire, because it is an efficient way to gather data from a large number of respondents. Another reason why the questionnaire was choosen is the context of the research topic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cultural diversity on employee motivation within European context. The size of sampleShow MoreRelatedAn Informal Institution Based View1593 Words   |  7 Pages 2014) Informal institution governs individual and firm behavior in various countries. When formal institutions are unclear, informal institutions help to reduce the uncertainty. Informal institution deserves attention in facilitating better relationships among people who belongs to different backgrounds. As mentioned above, according to the institution based view or framework, culture falls under informal institution, and the success, and failure of firms are enabled, and constrained by the institutionsRead MoreCase Study: Club Med1409 Words   |  6 Pagesas GOs – who handle all jobs outside of house and grounds keeping. One of the biggest problems the organization faces is with the increasingly high turnover rate of newly recruited GOs. Turnover is now at 50% with North America at twice that of Europe. In the American zone, differences in culture and language have set barriers of communication between the North Americans and Europeans, frequently with French-speaking GOs and A merican GMs – congenial members. Thus the importance of American GOsRead MoreHow Globalization Affects Our Small Companies Or Large Businesses?2628 Words   |  11 Pagesthat while we have some type of knowledge of this, it isn’t the same as really understanding a different culture and how Globalization plays such a huge role. Globalization In todays world managers must understand the culture and diversity of the people they are, or will be, managing. In many countries women are not equal, if the manager is a strong, independent manager it may be difficult for a man in one of these countries to learn to work with her. As long as a manager is awareRead MoreThe Top 2015 Best Companies For Multicultural Women1420 Words   |  6 Pageshundred and eight countries worldwide, including America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa (Payau, 2014). The company was built based on innovation as it is today with technological advances, which is one of the core business fundamentals. Research labs were created back in 1880 and by 1924; it was the first company to conduct a data- base market research analysis with consumers. It is one the first companies to establish a Consumer Relationship Department in 1941. Later on, they implemented the Toll-FreeRead MoreFour Seasons Goes to Paris: â€Å"53 Properties, 24 Countries, 1 Philosophy †2707 Words   |  11 Pagesleading operator of midsized luxury hotels. Four Seasons has enabled guests to maximize the value of their time with providing high-quality and truly personalized service. Four Seasons was able to succeed with their unique strategy of dealing with cultural differences, unique corporate culture, and strategy of human resources. In 1961, Isadore Sharp found Four Seasons Hotel in Toronto with his intrinsic architect ability focusing solely on guests, and kept expanding in Toronto. Success in Toronto ledRead MoreLeadership in a Multicultural Organization4096 Words   |  17 Pages These internal changes of the business require three things: * Management Commitment * Universal Approval * Appropriate measures and Rewards Research Methodology This study tries to investigate the role of a leader in a multi-cultural travel company. The study will be a qualitative analysis of sources to include major studies and researches on the issues, which determine the role of leaders and managers in multicultural organizations. This study will not conduct any survey ofRead MoreInfluence of Culture on Strategic Human Resource6353 Words   |  26 Pagesculture. On the other hand, some researchers and scholars have questioned the validity and reliability of national culture-SHRM practices research. The current paper explores the employee cultural values in the Kenyan multinational companies (MNCs) and the influence of culture on SHRM practices. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions of collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and femininity are applied. These value dimensions reflect human thinking, and feelings of people, which pose basicRead MoreMulti Ethnic And Socio Cultural Background Of Nigeria2292 Words   |  10 Pages 1.0. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Problem indication Nigeria is unique and embellished with a very rich culture and diversities. Because of the multi-ethnic and socio-cultural background that Nigeria is known for, the work environment in this setting is still far from what the western organizational system operates in. 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Our focus will be the following HRM practices administering multinational and global organisations:(i) Selection and Recruitment (ii) Training and Development (iii) Employee Motivation (iv) Labour Laws and Regulations (v) HRIS Recruitment and selection is the initial and most crucial activity of Human resource management. It is a process of attracting and seeking a pool of qualified applicants from which potential candidates

Global Issues in Health Care Policies and Management

Question: Are developing countries following the track of developed countries? Answer: Today most of the countries are designated as developing country", therefore, it is obvious that they are trying to follow the path of developed countries. However, the real question is what is what is the current score of the developing countries while comparing with developed countries? Three random countries can be selected and compared to find out the answer. For instance, Australia is chosen as the developed country, and Nigeria and India are selected as developing countries. Australia has the 12th largest economy in the world. According to the survey of 2014, Australia had fifth-highest per capita income. Australia is the sixth largest country with a total GDP of $1.241 trillion (nominal) (Raphael, 2011). On the other hand, India is a developing country of South Asia. India is the seventh largest country, just behind the Australia with a population of 1.2 billion people. This country is considered as the most populous democracy in the world. India is a secular country, and it is found that four major religious originated here, such as Jainism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Hinduism (Saha, 2013). On the other hand, other religions like Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Judaism and Islam arrived and dissolved with the "Indian culture". The current GDP of India is 2.182 trillion (nominal); however, the per capita income is too low (Dave). Another developing country is Nigeria, situated in the West Africa, which comprises 36 states. Like India Nigeria is also known as secular democratic country. Nigeria has a population of 182 million inhabitants and popularly known as "Giant of Africa." Besides, there are 500 ethnic groups in the Nigeria, which include three major ethnic groups such as Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa. It is found that more than 500 different languages are spoken in Nigeria, which is just the double of languages spoken in entire Australia (250). However, India beat them all, as the Indian census (1961) recognized 1,652 languages spoken in India and 22 of them are official languages. It is found that the differences of language and existence of different cultures are the main hindrance of the development of India and Nigeria is no exception. Though the official language of Nigeria is English, the country is distinctly divided between Christian and Muslims. From the research, it is found that developing country like India and Nigeria has a massive wealth gap, which means that the rich people are becoming richer and the poor people becoming poorer. In Nigeria, it is observed that most of the rich people spend their money to buy expensive jewelry and cars. The picture is almost same in India. In India, most of the rich people like to show off their money by building expensive houses or buying heavy muscle cars. On the other hand, it can be found that in Australia people try to lead almost a moderate life except of course the celebrities (Connell, 2012). The per capita income of Australia is more than the per capita income of India or Nigeria. However, the wealth gap is shorter in Australia than these developing countries. From a survey, it is found that average Australian people spend $223 on their housing and $20 for the health practitioners. Most of the common people in Australia have full life coverage. On the other hand, most of the common people in India do not posses any life coverage. When Nigeria is focused, it is observed that the condition of the common people in Nigeria as same as India. A huge number of common people of Nigeria are considered as below poverty line and do not posses any life coverage. According to the "Africa wealth report 2015", there are 15,400 dollar millionaires live in Nigeria, who posses, at least, one million dollars in their assets (Oluwatobi Ogunrinola, 2011). Now, here is a controversial part, most of the money possess by the rich people in Nigeria are not white or more precisely not legitimately earned. In the case of India, the situation is also very same as Nigeria. Most of the wealthy people in India do not possess white money, and they have their ways to convert black money into white money. Now the point is why a country put so much weight on their black money. This is because the amount of black money controls the inflation of the economic market. In Australia, there is less amount of inflation as the amount of black money in this country is not heavy. When the health related matters are compared among three of these chosen countries, it is observed that most of the common people in the developing countries still do not posses full life coverage. Although hospitals in the primary health centers in India offers free medical services to the poor people, in most of the cases these facilities are not sufficient. Still in the major rural part of India, people are deprived of free medicines and health care facilities provided by the governments. It is found that the availability of the health care facilities also varies in India depending upon different cultures. Most of the underprivileged women in the rural part of the India still give birth of the child in their homes and are deprived of the primary facilities of the health care system. In Nigeria, the country is completely divided into two parts depending on the religion Christian and Muslim (Perkins et al., 2012). The health care facilities greatly vary in these two parts of this co untry. However, it is a controversial topic, and the government is trying their best to resolve their problems. On the other hand, there are actually no health care-related problems or issues were found in the research. The nurses and the doctors are very cooperative and helpful. From a survey, it is found that the doctors in Australia charge lesser than the doctors in India are (Dyster, Meredith, 2012). Besides, the infrastructure of the health care system is far better in Australia than in the India and Nigeria. However, there is another factor that needs to be focused on; this is the political factor. In Australia, the political chaos is lesser than other developing as well as many developed countries in the world (Rosenberg et al., 2011). Especially in India, the political turbulence is highly noticeable. There are many political parties in India, and they are in a constant fight to hold on to their position, which in turn form a chaotic situation, and that is not helpful for the growth of the country (Bhupal, 2013). Besides, terrorism in India is well versed. There are more than six terrorist attacks in India in last one year, which is certainly not helpful in the development of a country, and these terrorist attacks can be considered as the failure of the Indian government. In Nigeria, the situation is almost same. In this country, the political turbulence is based on the differentiation of the cultures (Christian and Muslims). Most of the common people in this country are fighting with each other based on their religion (Bakare Olubokun, 2011). The government of Nigeria is trying their best to dissolve this problem and reach towards a permanent solution. However, they are not even closer to their success. So far, the developing countries are trying their best to hold on to their progress. It is a fact there are several pitfalls in this long journey, but it can be assumed that they will reach their target eventually. On the other hand, the developed countries like Australia just do not claim themselves as developed, but they are trying to help the developing countries in their progress by providing them resources. References Bakare, A. S., Olubokun, S. (2011). Health care expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria: An empirical study.Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences,2(2), 83-87. Bhupal, G. (2013).Development Issues in India: Analysis of Household Consumption Behavior and Health(Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). Connell, R. (2012). Gender, health and theory: conceptualizing the issue, in local and world perspective.Social science medicine,74(11), 1675-1683. Dave, K. S. Indian Stock Exchanges Foreign Institutional Investor, healthy Indicators for Indian economy. Dyster, B., Meredith, D. (2012).Australia in the global economy: continuity and change. Cambridge University Press. Oluwatobi, S. O., Ogunrinola, O. I. (2011). Government expenditure on human capital development: Implications for economic growth in Nigeria.Journal of Sustainable Development,4(3), p72. Perkins, D. H., Radelet, S., Lindauer, D. L., Block, S. A. (2012). Economics of development. Raphael, D. (2011). The political economy of health promotion: part 2, national provision of the prerequisites of health.Health promotion international, dar058. Rosenberg, S., Hickie, I. B., Mendoza, J. (2011). Viewpoint: National mental health reform: less talk, more action.Sign, (1). Saha, S. (2013). Impact of health on productivity growth in India.International Journal of Economics, Finance.

Economic Consequences Of Software Crime Essays -

Economic Consequences of Software Crime In 1996 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $15.2 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $5.1 billion in the North America alone. Some sources put the total up-to-date losses, due to software crime, as high as $4.7 trillion. On the next page is a regional breakdown of software piracy losses for 1994. Estimates show that over 40 percent of North American software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of North America. The Software Publishers Association (SPA) indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the North America was obtained illegally. In fact, 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original s! oftware and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs to their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, which are subject to Constitutional authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by provincial law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder's rights. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from province to province, but commonly have the same elements. For example, the information must be secret, not of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business. A court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently if the holder takes adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964, the National Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo, where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, the government created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms. CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980, the Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. It now states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the user's right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere ? i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the National Copyright Office for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a (federal) court to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments Act was approved in 1990. This Act prohibits the commercial rental, leasing or lending of software without the express written permission of the copyright holder. Another amendment to the Copyright Act was passed in 1992. This amendment made software piracy a federal offense, and instituted criminal

Hatchet3 essays

Hatchet3 essays The book I am reading is called Hatchet. It is about Brian Robeson, whose parents are divorced. It starts off that he is flying to visit his father in the Canadian wilderness. His parents are divorced because his mom is seeing another man, and Brians father doesnt know. He refers to this as the secret. This flight to see his father in the Canadian wilderness is Brian's first time in an airplane. He explains this to the pilot and tells him that he is scared. The pilot feels sorry for Brian and decides to show him that flying is not very difficult. He lets Brian take the steering control and direct the line of flight for awhile. Just when Brian thinks that everything is going well, the pilot has a heart attack and dies. Brian knows he must land the plane himself or die. He tries to use the radio, but it does not work. He knows that if he hits the trees, he will die, so he decides to land in the water of a lake. When the plane hits the water, he flys out through a window. He swims to the bank of the lake for awhile to rest. Brian knows he needs food and shelter to survive so he sets out to find both. He was very careful not to get lost or go too far from the lake where he crashed. He found a cherry tree and because he was very hungry, he ate his fill. He filled his windbreaker with cherries to eat later and then managed to find a cave for shelter. He slept very well, but in the morning when he awoke, he saw a bear in the cave. He was terrified, because the bear was only about 20 feet away eating his cherries out of his windbreaker. The bear only looked at Brian and then left. The cherries must have been enough to curb his appetite! The discovery of how to make a fire was very important to Brians survival. He needed to have one at the mouth of the cave to protect him from wild animals, and to signal for help. He discovered it by mistake when a porcupine wandered into his cave. It was dark in the cav ...

Launching Energy-R Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 2

Launching Energy-R - Case Study Example It is regarded by many critics that marketing is the most crucial of all the functional aspects of the business; it can be argued that marketing is the prime means for attracting a customer, and without customers, there is little that the other departments are going to do. Marketing is important in helping the company to construct upon their corporate and business foundations, and to use them to solidify their goals. In order to further the objectives of the business, the business needs to consider the bigger picture. From the perspective of launching a product in the market, the bigger picture would entail exploring the market potential for the product, researching the competitors in the market giving particular attention to their strengths and weaknesses, coming up with an appropriate marketing strategy for the product and selecting suitable marketing channels. Moreover, it is also important to develop apposite measures for managing and supervising the launch of the product in the market. The purpose of this paper is to research the market potential for an energy drink in London, UK, and to go through the aforementioned process of launching a product. The energy drink is called Energy-R. The initial part of the paper reviews the literature explaining strategic and operational literature. There are various marketing orientations that the customers show towards the consumption of products. Functioning businesses have two main purposes. Firstly, they are working for the retention of the customers that they have attracted. Secondly, businesses are endeavoring to attract new customers and increase their clientele. There are a number of philosophies that can be implemented for the attainment of these two goals of the business. The first philosophy relates to the production concept. This means that all consumers are going to consume those products that are not only within the range of affordability but are also easily and extensively found.

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macroeconomics - Essay Example According to Hayek, â€Å"the price mechanism of the free market serves to convey information about supply and demand that is dispersed among many consumers and producers and which cannot be assembled or coordinated efficiently in any other way†. And seriously â€Å"doubts whether a socialist economy is capable of solving the problems of rational allocation of its resources (Hayek, 1982)†. Keynes on the other hand favored government intervention through its fiscal and monetary policy to assuage the impact of recession and depression or financial crisis like the one United States recently had in 2009. Keynes believe that it is not only the market that can make an economy work at a maximum efficiency but such can also be raised to the that level by the intervention of the government. In contrast to Hayek, Keynes advocated collectivism through international coordination of fiscal and monetary stimulus to deflect and mitigate any downturn in economic cycle. He is also the s ponsor of deficit spending to lift an economy from depression in contrast to Hayek’s proposal that it solely market the (free) market that can achieve utmost efficiency in an economy.

Ethics in Groups Essay Example for Free

Ethics in Groups Essay Abstract In today’s society more and more people are starting to seek guidance and/or assistance with personal matters or issues from counselors. This essay will not only state the benefits of counseling to a group or to an individual but it will also discuss and state the many challenges that counselors/associates may encounter during their sessions and elaborate on the hot topics of ethics in the field of counseling. It will provide the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of group counseling as well as that of individual counseling. It is very important for counselors and associates of all professional levels to implement ethical values in their everyday practice so that they may familiarize their self with the dos and don’ts they could make or break their career. Research from various scholarly journals, articles and textbook readings will be used as factors for this essay paper. Ethics In Groups The implementations of ethics in counseling is not to micromanage and/or try to inform someone of how to do their job, it is provided in order to help counselors and other professionals maintain standards within the profession one is in and it is the standard of behavior or action in relation to others. â€Å"A code of ethics for most professional organizations or associations is designed to articulate the standards of practice for a group of people. † (Kocet, 2006). Although ethics have many definitions, they are all intertwined to state the same meaning. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"Most ethical problems and situations deal with therapy and growth groups, although ethical standards apply to leaders of all kinds of groups. † (p. 27) These types of problems or unethical behavior usually occurs when a leader is not knowledgeable enough to lead a group or the leader shows or have a lack of care for their members. â€Å"All professional associations, such as the American Counseling Association, the National Association for Social Workers, and the Psychological Association, have ethical standards regarding working with clients in groups. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 27) Apart from the fore mentioned organizations, there are other distinctive organizations that consist of professionals that do group work such as the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) and the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW). When it comes to ethics, these associations have their own code of ethics. In order to be an effective counselor or leader one must be able to include their knowledge of and the ability to integrate the code of ethics into their professional day-to-day practice. In the field of counseling there are two central components of a code of ethics. The first component is â€Å"a code outlines the prescribed or mandatory professional behaviors by which counselors are expected to govern their conduct† and the second component is â€Å"a code that contains aspirational components, which encourage active ethical reflection that fosters clarification of fundamental ethical beliefs of the profession†. (Kocet, 2006) Due to the many errors that counselors or any other associate may encounter in their career not every code of ethics can encompass every potential ethical dilemma faced by a professional. To help professionals in this area, the code of ethics can serve as a regulatory guide for laying the foundation necessary to promote the competency and value of counselors. It is up to that person to abide and follow and/or do what is morally right. However, not everyone is perfect. Romans 3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the Glory of God. The hot topics that are consistently being a problem in the field of counseling are those of leaders who are not prepared and/or qualified, lack the knowledge of being an effective leader, leaders having a dual relationship with its members, confidentiality of the leader and some of the members that are in attendance in the group. Counselors can have successful group sessions only if they were to prepare themselves and follow the guidance that is provided to them within the code of ethics. In the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) Best Practice Guidelines (2008) it states â€Å"Group counselors do not attempt any techniques unless thoroughly trained in its use or under supervision by a counselor familiar with the intervention. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 28) Following the guidance provided within the Best Practices can help counselors or any other associate not make the many errors that are made when the lack of knowledge is not present. Leading a group without knowledge is also unethical, especially trying to lead one without the proper materials, guidance, and/or a seasoned counselor/leader. It is very imperative for a leader to have the knowledge of the group they are going to lead. The lack of knowledge is like â€Å"the blind leading the blind†. If problems, questions or situations occur in a group a leader should have some sense of knowledge on how to handle them and/or what steps to take to get the group back in order, if it comes to that point. In an article that addresses education/training and professional competency along with other ethical issues in exercise psychology (i. e. counseling or clinical physiology), it too abides by the same guidance in reference to ethics. In their field of training â€Å"licensed psychologists with limited or no training in the movement sciences should not ethically refer to themselves as â€Å"exercise psychologists† because of a lack of proper training in exercise science. † (Pauline, Pauline, Johnson, Gamble, 2006) Proverbs 15:21 Folly is joy to him who is destitute of wisdom: but a man of understanding walks uprightly. Relationships outside of the group session are not always harmful however; the leader (professional) and member (client) must be able to still maintain a â€Å"business† relationship without things getting out of hand, in which sometimes they do. In reality â€Å"It is the leaders’ responsibility to make sure the therapeutic relationship is not being jeopardized. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 29) Dual relationships/multiple-role relationships occur when the therapeutic connection has geared towards a friendship relationship. During these relationships leaders must maintain ethically proper professional boundaries to include the atmosphere that they will be in. If leaders are going to form relationships outside of the group setting and/or office environment boundaries must clarified prior to. If a leader finds himself or herself gaining emotional feelings for the client or vice versa, the leader needs to take the more conservative approach that was suggested by Bernstein and Hartsell and follow it â€Å"once a client, always a client† (Pauline, 2006) Confidentiality is another major ethical issue in counseling that often arises in a variety of modern and exercise counseling settings. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"There are two issues regarding confidentiality that nay group leader should understand: the leader’s ethical responsibility for keeping material confidential and the leader’s lack of total control regarding members keeping matters confidential. Members turning to counselors for assistance with their matter and/or guidance go to them because they feel as their issues, matters or concerns will remain in the setting that was chosen for them to talk confidentially. Leaders divulging information about clients/members to anyone is unethical; the only time that a leader may divulge information about a member is when it is a case dealing with a child or it is an adolescent group. In China, the field of counseling psychology also faces the same ethical issues that many other counselor, associate or professional encounter. In a survey-based study of Chinese professionals to explore general ethical awareness and features of ethical dilemmas, â€Å"Chinese professionals demonstrate a strong awareness of professional ethics, but they require more training in regards to the issue of confidentiality. † (Qian, Gao, Yao, Rodriguez, 2009) In comparison to American participants, a larger number of Chinese participants regarded not to inform the client of the aim of psychological assessment or to record a session without receiving prior consent from the client. The most prominent ethical problem that was reported by athletes that was receiving counseling was â€Å"The counselor breaks the rule of confidentiality and reveals the content of counseling to one’s coach†. (Qian, 2009) Although confidentiality cannot always be guaranteed, â€Å"The best way to prevent any breach of confidentiality is to stress its importance and discuss the subject whenever it seems necessary. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 30) Counseling deals with providing professional guidance by the usage of standard psychological methods such as that of collecting case-history data, using various techniques of the personal interview, and testing interests and aptitudes. In the process of counseling, the counselor’s goal is to help the individual toward opportunities that can grant the greatest fulfillment of his or her personal needs and aspirations. The counselor set their best efforts forth in order to clarify the client’s own thinking rather than to solve his or her problems. â€Å"Professional counselors (such as educational guidance and career counselors) and counseling psychologists (such as marriage and bereavement counselors) are found in a wide variety of institutional settings and in private practice. † (Merriam-Webster, 2013) In the field of counseling there are many principles and standards that counselors must abide by. â€Å"Personal and professional values often predict and guide one’s choices, decisions, and behaviors in interpersonal, social, and professional realms. † (Crether Winterowd, 2011) Counselors having these qualities in the field of counseling can help prevent some of the ethical issues and/or concerns that occur in counseling. Social counseling, another approach in the field of counseling, â€Å"is both a goal and a process for counselors who believe in developing an increasingly socially just world, one in which all people receive equitable opportunities to access resources and participate in policy and law development that affect them, ultimately resulting in a society that embodies harmony between the needs of individuals and the needs of the whole. † (Crether, 2011). Social justice is used in individually counseling as well as that of family counseling. Issues In Group Counseling In group counseling many problems may occur in different areas, especially when it comes to trying to have a productive group session. Issues that may occur in group counseling has been known to occur in the areas of coleading, legal issues, research, training, and future trends. Each of the stated issues are very important for counselors to learn about prior to their leading of a group. â€Å"The environment in which counseling is practiced is complex and ever changing, and new ethical issues are constantly emerging. This makes it difficult for even the most ethically conscientious practitioners to keep current. (Herlihy Dufrene, 2011) According to an article that was produced by Journal of Psychology and Christianity, â€Å"It is incumbent upon all professionals who provide counseling, therapy, or mental health services to offer quality care and to work within the bounds of their professional ethical guidelines. † (Schneller, Swenson, Sanders, 2010) These guidelines have been developed by major professionals that provide â€Å"subject matter expert† services, including those professions in the psychology field, social workers, licensed professional counselor, and psychiatrists. The codes that each of these professionals use address issues such as maintaining client confidentiality, advocating for client/patient welfare, and appropriately handling multiple-relationship issues. Counselors seem to make many errors within the counseling field; this could be from the lack of training, knowledge and education of counseling. One should never use group therapy for their own personal growth. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"We have heard of numerous instances of leaders drawing attention to themselves and using the group for their own therapy. This is unethical. † (p. 29) Leaders making mistakes in group sessions may cause a group to fail at disjunctive tasks when a too-confident leader rejects a superior solution offered by a subordinate. Seeking advice from someone that is not â€Å"equal† to another individual is not always an unwise decision. Seeking and/or accepting advice from another individual is not always harmful. When they put their minds together and/or work together on a task, discussion or whatever the case may be a resolution to a task, problem, or situation can be resolved without looking back and stating should’ve, would’ve, could’ve after its failure. Coleading in counseling is when a leader has one or more colleagues assisting with leading a group. Although this could be an advantage for some due to a coleader offering additional ideas, pointers, feedback, support, etc in group sessions, especially when therapy groups are intense and difficult to handle and/or work with. According to Jacobs, (2012), â€Å"One disadvantage for some agencies and settings is that coleading takes time away from other counseling duties and can add stress to an already demanding work schedule. † (p. 451) Other disadvantages that my occur when having a coleader is that of different personalities, styles and goals. It is known that no matter how much in similar two or three people are, there is going to be some type of disagreement or differences amongst them because God did not make everyone the same and people are entitled to have their own opinions and use their way of thinking. Romans 12:6 Having then gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, whether Prophecy, let us Prophesy according to the proportion of Faith. Also, within the disadvantages of coleading is that of interpersonal conflict, ineffective communication, competition between leaders, envy and overdependence on the coleader. Not having effective communication amongst the leader and coleader will continue to have problems within the group because neither will be willing to listen to what the other has to say. Effective communication is important in any line of business, relationships, and work settings. In the coleader relationship â€Å"it is noted that the relationship between coleaders promotes a potential dynamic that would either facilitate or complicate the group process. In order to have an effective relationship in such a group setting it is important that the â€Å"counseling profession learn as much as possible about the relationship dynamics and how they affect the group process. † (Luke Hackney, 2007) When leaders are incapable of working together, it will be almost impossible for them to lead an effective group and members may not see them as being capable to provide them guidance and/or assistance with their reason of being a part of the group. Legal issues occur in counseling when counselors fail to take into consideration the act of due care of their members and acting in good faith of their well-being. When leading a group, leaders must practice within their limits of expertise and not neglect their duties as a group leader. Counselors have been sued in cases where malpractice was not within the â€Å"professional setting† of the particular group or individual session being held (i. e. Female Patient Wins $1,423,000 in a Physical and Sexual Abuse Case Against her Psychotherapist). Counselors are being sued for in malpractice pitfalls in the following areas: excessive or inappropriate self-disclosure; business relationships with patients; using techniques without proper training; using incorrect diagnosis deliberately; the true love exception for sexual relationships and out of office contact. The fore mentioned pitfalls are common problems that may arise in time of litigation and once these pitfalls are acknowledge by counselors or any other profession they can be avoided. â€Å"Ethical standards require counselors to monitor their professional actions and to take responsibility for those actions, including those that are considered minor infractions. † (Welfel, 2005) It is in the best interest of the counselor to keep everything professional amongst the group and/or individual that is being counseled in order to prevent a trajectory in their life. Great emphasis is being put on group therapy in order to for researchers to determine the effectiveness of group work. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"Overall, research on the effectiveness of groups needs to be greatly expanded to reach the level of sophistication that has been established on the effectiveness of individual counseling. † (p. 459) In reasoning for editorials findings of why research is limited in the group field it is due to the lack of time, finances, lack of interest and the difficulty of designing a research project where the variables can be controlled enough to study different aspects of group counseling. In an article titled Review of School Counseling Outcome Research, attempts were made in order to try and combine research studies of school counseling interventions to explore the overall effectiveness of such interventions. In order for this research to get started, the American School Counselor Association (2005) published The ASCA National Model: A framework for school counseling programs, which is also well known as the ASCA National Model. â€Å"The ACA National Model was developed in order to guide school counselors in designing, implementing, managing, and evaluating a comprehensive school counseling program. † (Whiston Quinby, 2009) Although this model was intended for great purpose of implementing comprehensive school programs, very few research studies have been conducted on the comprehensive programs. This goes back to the fore mention of Jacobs readings of why research is not effective in group research. It is in the hopes within the reading of Jacobs that researchers â€Å"will empirically study different ways that students are taught to lead groups and what ways are more effective. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 459) In the future of counseling, â€Å"Most experts seem to agree that group work will continue to be a major force in the field of counseling. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 461) Research is a continuous job that experts in the field of counseling must continue to do because of the many changes that occur, especially ethical challenges and changes. Researchers are needed in the future to continue the investigation of the new Codes that may arise and analyze the effectiveness of them in the counseling profession. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"More training in specific group leadership skills is essential if leaders are going to be prepared for all the different kinds of groups that will exist in the next 10 years. Leaders that are going to continue to lead in areas of professions such as counseling they need to learn more ways to involve their members in the therapeutic process while integrating counseling theories. â€Å"Research activities are subjected to higher demands on ethics and safety than similar activities that are not classified as research. Therefore, the boundary between research and non-research will often determine the ethical demands on an activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hansson, 2011) It is very important that researchers make a continuous attempt on ensuring research will continue in the field of counseling so that leaders will have the knowledge and leadership abilities to work towards successful counseling/therapeutic sessions. Group Versus Individual Counseling The question of which is better individual counseling or group therapy has probably been a question of many years. According to Jacobs (2012), â€Å"This is difficult to answer because people and situations are so different. † With the question being asked of which is better it will have to be based upon the individual to decide due to him or her personal decision. There can be many advantages to both forms of counseling; group counseling is not made for everyone and neither is individual counseling. Group counseling can be an advantage to some people because they find it important to receive feedback/input from others as well as learning more from other individuals that are talking and within groups of teenagers they will often talk more readily to other teenagers than they will with adults. Group counseling assists with an individual’s growth and problem solving with certain issues and/or concerns they have encountered (i. e. loss of a love one, addiction). In group therapy sessions, members are encouraged, not forced, to discuss openly and honestly about their reason(s) for being there. The leader/counselor works to create an atmosphere of trust and acceptance that will allow members to feel more comfortable and to support one another. In the article of Therapists’ views of the relative benefits and pitfalls of group work and one-to-one counseling for bereavement, explored to see which form of counseling was beneficial for the bereavement. This case consisted of nine experienced bereavement therapies that had experienced both groups and individual forms of counseling. During their research it was determined that â€Å"there is ample evidence that bereavement is a major health risk, involving enormous psychological and physical health costs to individual and society. † (Vlasto, 2010). Their findings in both individual and group counseling forms of bereavement are basically the same results from any other group session of counseling. For a group session members benefited more from the following areas: social contact, social skills practice, support, challenge of witnessing difference, generate a culture of honest sharing, and normalcy of grief. Members in group settings can find a sense of hope by sharing their thoughts and feelings from other members in the group. Although group settings can be a challenge at times it is still beneficial to those who desires a â€Å"need† of support from other individuals due to them not being able to do it on their own. This type of support was described as a ‘dual thing’ of ‘being supported and supporting’ thereby indicating the inter-active nature of this function. (Vlasto, 2010) In individual counseling for the bereavement, individuals benefited safety, formation of reparative relationship, expressing extreme emotion and dealing with blocks and accessing deeper material. Individual counseling is more of a gentler and safer process for those individuals that are not yet ready to express or let out their total emotions amongst a group of people. Individual counseling can also be looked upon as â€Å"enabling the initial story-telling and release of emotion. The ‘building of trust’ and confidentiality, assured in a one to one situation, was thought to be particularly important for ‘shy’ people or those who have difficult experiences of groups or families. Groups and individual counseling also have disadvantages to them. The disadvantages for group counseling sessions were that of non-disclosure of feelings and information, ‘competition’, and over-exposure. Individual counseling had disadvantages of power imbalance and intensity for both parties. Although these type of group settings have disadvantages they are not disadvantages that cannot be resolved in a civil manner. â€Å"Groups, being primarily a social intervention, were thought to help clients feel less isolated and to see how other people grieve. Individual counseling was perceived as a safer experience providing clients with a chance to tell their story in depth, and to release deep feelings without embarrassment. † (Vlasto, 2010) In an outcome research that was developed in school groups related to specific issues, whereas other schools focus more on assisting students individually. The outcome of this researched â€Å"found that individual counseling is generally more effective than group counseling. † (Whiston, Quinby, 2009) Also within their findings individual counseling does not require a long process in order to be effective. Again, trying to figure which is better will be based upon people’s issues/concerns and the ability of the therapist. A therapist choosing group therapy over individual counseling or vice versa will solely be based upon the therapist because they have to find within themselves what area are they more successful in. Working with groups or individually counseling? This decision making process can be factored upon the knowledge, education, and leadership skills that the therapist have. Personal Leadership Qualities My personal leadership qualities did not derive only from the teachings within this course on how to lead a group or an individual counseling setting, it goes back many years. The leadership qualities came throughout my life of living. On a personal note I have had to lead by a â€Å"good† example due to being a single mother for over 21 years and serving my country for over 16 years. Proverbs 22:6 Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it. In order for one to be an effective leader they must instill within themselves the characteristics of caring, openness, flexibility, trustworthiness, honesty, patience, etc. Once someone sees these traits within an individual, more than likely they will be more than willing to seek that individual for guidance and/or support. Outside of the aforementioned characteristics a leader needs the following leadership qualities in leadership as well: comfort and confidence within self to lead a group or an individual; the ability to tune into other people’s feelings, reactions, moods and words. Of the characteristics that are listed above I believe I now have all the qualities, not saying that I have had them the whole time. These personal qualities were within me but it came to a point when I wanted to share with others what I have learned from others leaders that were in leadership positions and from the education I have received. Leadership to some could possibly mean that they are in just in charge, but where they fell to realize is when that approach is taken no one will is willing to follow. When one falls into leadership rolls they must be able to lead and have the attributes of what it takes to be a leader. My beliefs of leadership skills are similar to the definition itself. I believe that one must have the knowledge, experience, the capability of motivating and taking care of people that looks for them for guidance and support. According to Jacobs (2012) â€Å"Leading groups successfully requires a great deal from the leader. Often people lead groups when they simply do not possess the necessary leadership characteristics. † (p. 26) In the Army we live by the Army Values of Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Self-less Service, Honor, Integrity, Personal Courage, in which it spells out the Army acronym of LDRSHIP (leadership). For this course I conducted four Psychoeducational Group Sessions with co-workers from my place of employment. Prior to me starting I almost did not have a clue as to how this was going to turn out because this type of setting was my first in my life of me having to conduct. I have had to conduct classes within the military setting but never within a counseling group session. But with prayer and support I was able to get through it. Matthew 17:20 And Jesus said unto them, Because of your unbelief: for verily I say unto you, If you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you shall say unto this mountain, remove hence to yonder place; and it shall remove; and nothing shall be impossible unto you. The individuals were not forced to be a part of the group and none of them were required to state any personal information unless they wanted to. The first two group sessions that I conducted were more in tuned because of the number of personnel in attendance. In these sessions I wanted to ensure I used the leadership qualities that I had within me because I wanted to have a successful group session. Receiving feedback from individuals after the session I had used the majority of the leadership characteristics that were aforementioned. After receiving feedback from several of the members, it made me feel good that I was able to conduct a â€Å"successful† group session and to know that the sessions I was holding should be something that is done more often. Approach To Group Counseling â€Å"Our approach to groups is based on the principles of impact therapy, which is a multisensory approach that recognizes that change or impact comes not only from verbal, but also visual and kinesthetic exchanges. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 20) Over the last several weeks I have had to use certain approaches to hold group sessions. I had to ensure while holding these sessions that I had the right tone and body language to conduct them. If I was to show nervousness or my inability to lead the group the members probably would have thought I was incapable of leading or holding the group session successfully. In the group session I ensure that the members were well informed of what each session was going to be about. The leader approach that I used during the sessions was that of leader-directed. â€Å"A leader-directed style can be of great benefit by provoking structure, thought-provoking questions, and group exercises. † (Jacobs, 2012, p. 23) The leader-direct approach was a successful approach with the group because they were allowed to discuss and express their concerns about change and show their support for one another. At times an individual would want to continue for a long period of time but they had no issue with me informing them I would come back to them because other members wanted to speak. The members in my group sessions were all eager and willing to participate, although for the last two sessions, the participation for some was not feasible due to work or their absence from work. Overall, the outcome of each session held was a success regardless of the amount of members that attended. It was also a success because the members that attended were able to share information that was bottled up inside of them for quite some time. The ethical challenges they I encountered within the course was that, from the beginning I had to understand the meaning of ethical issues or concerns in the field of counseling. In everyday living I cannot say that I actually think of ethically living although it is a highly recommended practice in the military. The unethical challenges that I/we face in our everyday way of living is implementing the ethical values into our day-to-day living. This will help prevent many of the unethical behaviors that occur. It is critical that all professions understand and apply the code of ethics into their day-to-day practices. Isaiah 1:17-19 (KJV) Learn to do well; seek judgment, relieve the oppressed, judge the fatherless, plead for the widow. 18-Come now, and let us reason together, saith the LORD: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool. 19-If you be willing and obedient, you shall eat the good of the land. Conclusion The one thing that is very important within the area of ethics in group counseling, the counselor that is providing the counseling must have the leadership skills, knowledge and training in order to run a successful group session in counseling and/or individual counseling. Counseling is a field of profession that can be a rewarding and fulfilling experience not only to the counselor that is providing the counseling but to the individual or group that is receiving the counseling. It can be rewarding to both because if it was a success and issues/concerns were resolved and/or results were shown from the individual that was receiving counseling, although trials and tribulations may have occurred during the session, it was a success. A counselor/leader must be able to find within themselves which works best for them in the field of counseling, individually or group counseling. A leader should never jeopardize their career or lose sight of what counseling really is by not following the guidance that is provided for them, especially the ethical practices. The most important lessons or attributes that a counselor or associate can have in the field of counseling and that is of having a well-educated background, experience, and knowledge of how to be an effective counselor/leader. Reaching People. Restoring Lives.